The 12th century, spanning from the year 1101 to 1200, was a significant period in European history marked by cultural, political, and technological changes. This era saw the rise of the medieval monarchy, the establishment of universities, and the flourishing of Gothic architecture, exemplified by cathedrals like Notre-Dame de Paris. During this time, the Crusades began, leading to increased contact between Europe and the Middle East. The century also witnessed the growth of trade and commerce, as towns expanded and the feudal system evolved, laying the groundwork for the later development of modern Europe.