The 12th century, spanning from the year 1101 to 1200, was a significant period in European history marked by social, political, and cultural changes. This era saw the rise of the feudal system, where land was held by nobles in exchange for military service. It was also a time of increased trade and the growth of towns, leading to the emergence of a more structured economy. In addition to economic changes, the 12th century was notable for the Crusades, a series of religious wars aimed at reclaiming the Holy Land. This period also witnessed the flourishing of Gothic architecture, exemplified by the construction of grand cathedrals like Notre-Dame de Paris.