The term "φάλαγγα" (phalanx) refers to a military formation used by ancient Greek armies, particularly by the Spartans and Athenians. This formation consisted of heavily armed infantry soldiers, known as hoplites, arranged in close ranks and files. The soldiers would stand shoulder to shoulder, creating a wall of shields and spears, which provided both offensive and defensive capabilities during battle. The phalanx was characterized by its discipline and cohesion, allowing for effective movement and coordination in combat. This formation played a crucial role in many significant battles, such as the Battle of Marathon and the Battle of Thermopylae, showcasing the tactical prowess of ancient Greek warfare.