Ancient warfare refers to the military conflicts that occurred in ancient civilizations, typically before the Middle Ages. It involved various strategies, weapons, and formations, often influenced by the geography and culture of the societies involved. Notable ancient armies included those of the Romans, Greeks, and Persians, each employing unique tactics and technologies, such as the phalanx formation and siege engines. The motivations for ancient warfare varied, including territorial expansion, resource acquisition, and political power. Battles were often fought on open fields or near strategic locations, with leaders like Alexander the Great and Hannibal becoming famous for their military prowess. The outcomes of these conflicts significantly shaped the course of history and the development of civilizations.