Battle formation refers to the strategic arrangement of troops in preparation for combat. Different formations are designed to maximize the strengths of a military unit while minimizing vulnerabilities. Common formations include the phalanx, where soldiers stand shoulder to shoulder, and the line formation, which allows for a broad front to engage the enemy. The choice of battle formation can significantly impact the outcome of a conflict. Factors such as terrain, the size of the opposing force, and the type of troops involved all influence the decision. Historical examples include the Roman legions and their use of flexible formations to adapt to various battlefield scenarios.