Thermal evaporation is a physical process used to deposit thin films of material onto surfaces. In this method, a solid material is heated in a vacuum until it vaporizes. The vapor then condenses on a cooler surface, forming a thin layer. This technique is commonly used in the production of electronic components and optical coatings. The process relies on the principles of thermodynamics and vacuum technology to ensure that the vaporized material does not react with air. Materials like metals and semiconductors are often used, making thermal evaporation essential in industries such as electronics and solar energy.