"Sage kings" refer to wise and virtuous rulers in ancient Chinese philosophy, particularly during the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties. These leaders were believed to possess exceptional moral integrity and wisdom, guiding their people through benevolent governance and ethical decision-making. Their reigns were characterized by harmony, prosperity, and a deep connection to the natural world. The concept of sage kings is closely associated with the teachings of Confucius, who emphasized the importance of moral leadership. In this context, sage kings served as ideal models for rulers, promoting the idea that a just and enlightened leader could create a stable and flourishing society.