Medieval Spain, spanning roughly from the 5th to the late 15th century, was a period marked by the coexistence of various cultures, including Christians, Muslims, and Jews. The region was known for its diverse kingdoms, such as Castile, Aragon, and Navarre, which often engaged in conflicts and alliances. The Reconquista, a series of campaigns to reclaim territory from Muslim rule, played a significant role in shaping the political landscape. During this time, Spain became a center of learning and culture, particularly in cities like Toledo and Cordoba. The blending of Islamic, Christian, and Jewish traditions led to advancements in science, philosophy, and the arts. The period ended with the unification of Spain under the Catholic Monarchs, Ferdinand and Isabella, in 1492.