Hyaline membrane disease, also known as neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, is a condition that primarily affects premature infants. It occurs when the lungs do not produce enough surfactant, a substance that helps keep the air sacs in the lungs open. This deficiency leads to difficulty breathing and reduced oxygen levels in the blood. The disease is characterized by the formation of a thick, glassy membrane in the lungs, which can obstruct airflow. Treatment often involves providing supplemental oxygen and administering surfactant replacement therapy to help improve lung function and support the infant's breathing.