Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS) is a condition that affects newborns, particularly those born prematurely. It occurs when the lungs are not fully developed, leading to insufficient production of a substance called surfactant, which helps keep the air sacs in the lungs open. This can result in difficulty breathing, low oxygen levels, and increased effort to breathe. Symptoms of NRDS typically appear shortly after birth and may include rapid breathing, grunting sounds, and a bluish tint to the skin. Treatment often involves providing supplemental oxygen and, in some cases, administering surfactant therapy to help improve lung function and oxygenation.