Surfactant replacement therapy is a medical treatment used primarily for newborns with respiratory distress syndrome, a condition often caused by insufficient surfactant in the lungs. Surfactant is a substance that helps keep the air sacs in the lungs open, making breathing easier. This therapy involves administering a synthetic or animal-derived surfactant directly into the lungs through a breathing tube. The goal of surfactant replacement therapy is to improve lung function and oxygenation in affected infants. By restoring the surfactant levels, this treatment can reduce the risk of complications and improve overall outcomes for premature babies, allowing them to breathe more easily and effectively.