Volcanology is the study of volcanoes, their eruptions, and the processes that lead to volcanic activity. It involves understanding the formation of different types of volcanoes, the materials they emit, and the impact of eruptions on the environment and human life. Volcanologists monitor volcanic activity to predict eruptions and mitigate hazards. Seismology is the study of earthquakes and the movement of the Earth's crust. Seismologists analyze seismic waves generated by earthquakes to understand the Earth's internal structure and tectonic processes. This field helps in assessing earthquake risks and developing safety measures for communities in seismically active regions, such as those near fault lines or tectonic plates.