The Tarquin dynasty refers to a series of kings who ruled ancient Rome during the late monarchy period, specifically from the late 6th century to the early 5th century BCE. The dynasty is most notably associated with the last three kings of Rome: Tarquin the Elder, Servius Tullius, and Tarquin the Proud. Their reigns were marked by significant developments in Roman society, including urbanization and military expansion. The dynasty ended with the overthrow of Tarquin the Proud in 509 BCE, which led to the establishment of the Roman Republic. This transition marked a significant shift in governance, moving from monarchy to a system based on elected officials and shared power, laying the foundation for future Roman political structures.