Subsurface science is the study of the Earth's subsurface, focusing on the physical, chemical, and biological processes that occur below the surface. This field encompasses various disciplines, including geology, hydrology, and environmental science, to understand how groundwater, minerals, and other resources are distributed and interact within the Earth's crust. Researchers in subsurface science often use advanced techniques like geophysical surveys and computer modeling to analyze subsurface conditions. This knowledge is crucial for managing natural resources, assessing environmental impacts, and addressing challenges such as contaminated groundwater and geological hazards.