Sperm physiology refers to the biological functions and characteristics of sperm cells, which are essential for reproduction. Each sperm cell consists of a head, midpiece, and tail. The head contains genetic material, while the midpiece is packed with mitochondria that provide energy for movement. The tail, or flagellum, propels the sperm toward the egg. Sperm are produced in the testes through a process called spermatogenesis. This process involves several stages, including the development of spermatids into mature sperm. Once formed, sperm are stored in the epididymis until ejaculation, where they travel through the vas deferens to reach the female reproductive system.