The term "Spartan state" refers to the ancient Greek city-state of Sparta, known for its military-oriented society and strict social structure. Founded in the 9th century BCE, Sparta was characterized by its focus on discipline, strength, and communal living. The society was divided into three main classes: the ruling Spartiates, the subjugated Helots, and the free non-citizen Perioikoi. Sparta's government was a mixed system, combining elements of monarchy, oligarchy, and democracy. It was ruled by two hereditary kings and a council of elders known as the Gerousia. The Spartan education system, called agoge, emphasized physical training and military skills, preparing citizens for a life of service to the state.