Siege artillery refers to large-caliber guns and mortars specifically designed for use in the attack or defense of fortified positions during a siege. These powerful weapons were used to breach walls, destroy fortifications, and support ground troops. Common types included cannons, howitzers, and bombards, which could fire explosive shells or solid projectiles over long distances. Historically, siege artillery played a crucial role in warfare from ancient times through the Middle Ages and into the 19th century. Innovations in design and technology, such as rifled barrels and improved ammunition, enhanced their effectiveness, making them essential for military campaigns aimed at capturing fortified cities.