The Middle Ages, spanning roughly from the 5th to the late 15th century, was a period marked by the decline of the Roman Empire and the rise of feudalism in Europe. This era saw the establishment of powerful kingdoms, the spread of Christianity, and significant cultural developments, including the construction of grand cathedrals and the creation of illuminated manuscripts. During the Middle Ages, society was structured around a feudal system where lords owned land and vassals served them in exchange for protection. Key events, such as the Crusades and the Black Death, shaped the course of history, leading to the eventual transition into the Renaissance.