Serbian rulers have played a significant role in the history of Serbia, shaping its political landscape and cultural identity. Notable figures include Stefan Nemanja, the founder of the Nemanjić dynasty, who united various Serbian territories in the 12th century. His descendants, such as Stefan the First-Crowned and Tsar Dušan, expanded the kingdom and established the Serbian Empire in the 14th century. Throughout the centuries, Serbian rulers faced challenges from neighboring powers, including the Ottoman Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The struggle for independence culminated in the 19th century, leading to the establishment of the modern Serbian state under rulers like Prince Mihailo and King Peter I.