The Second Spanish Republic was established in 1931 after the abdication of King Alfonso XIII. It marked a significant shift towards democracy and progressive reforms, including women's suffrage and land redistribution. The republic aimed to modernize Spain and reduce the influence of the Catholic Church and the military in politics. However, the Second Spanish Republic faced numerous challenges, including political instability, economic difficulties, and social unrest. These tensions ultimately led to the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936, pitting Republicans against Nationalists led by Francisco Franco. The republic was officially dissolved in 1939 after Franco's victory.