The Roman Civil War refers to a series of conflicts in ancient Rome that occurred between the late 1st century BCE and the early 1st century CE. The most notable of these was the struggle between Julius Caesar and the Senate, culminating in Caesar's crossing of the Rubicon River in 49 BCE, which led to a civil war against Pompey and his supporters. This conflict ultimately resulted in Caesar's rise to power and the end of the Roman Republic. Following Caesar's assassination in 44 BCE, another civil war erupted between his supporters, led by Mark Antony and Octavian, and those who opposed them. This conflict, known as the Final War of the Roman Republic, ended in 30 BCE with Octavian's