Radiation effects refer to the changes that occur in living organisms and materials when exposed to different types of radiation, such as ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation. Ionizing radiation, which includes X-rays and gamma rays, can damage cellular structures and DNA, potentially leading to health issues like cancer. Non-ionizing radiation, such as radio waves and microwaves, generally has less energy and is considered less harmful, though excessive exposure can still cause thermal effects. The severity of radiation effects depends on factors like the type of radiation, exposure duration, and the sensitivity of the affected tissue. For example, skin cells are more susceptible to damage from radiation than muscle cells. Understanding these effects is crucial for safety in medical settings, nuclear industries, and everyday life, ensuring that exposure is minimized to protect human health and the environment.