Biological effects refer to the changes that occur in living organisms as a result of exposure to various factors, such as radiation, chemicals, or environmental conditions. These effects can influence cellular processes, growth, reproduction, and overall health. Understanding these effects is crucial for assessing risks and developing safety guidelines. Different organisms may respond differently to the same exposure. For example, plants may exhibit stunted growth when exposed to certain toxins, while animals might experience changes in behavior or physiology. Studying these responses helps scientists develop strategies to mitigate harmful impacts on ecosystems and human health.