Ptolemy VIII, also known as Ptolemy Physcon, was a ruler of ancient Egypt from the Ptolemaic dynasty. He reigned from 145 to 116 BCE and was known for his tumultuous rule, which included periods of conflict and political intrigue. Ptolemy VIII was the son of Ptolemy VI and Cleopatra II, and he initially co-ruled with his brother before seizing power for himself. During his reign, Ptolemy VIII faced challenges from rival factions and external threats, including the Seleucid Empire. He is often remembered for his harsh governance and efforts to consolidate power, which included marrying his sister, Cleopatra III. His reign ultimately contributed to the decline of the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt.