Plants have evolved various defense mechanisms to protect themselves from herbivores and pathogens. These mechanisms can be physical, such as thorns and tough leaves, which deter animals from eating them. Additionally, some plants produce toxic chemicals that can harm or repel insects and other animals, making them less appealing as a food source. In response to attacks, many plants can also activate specific defense responses. For example, when damaged, they may release volatile organic compounds that attract natural predators of the herbivores. This interaction highlights the complex relationships between plants, their enemies, and their allies in the ecosystem, showcasing the importance of biodiversity in maintaining ecological balance.