The Nguyễn dynasty was the last ruling dynasty of Vietnam, reigning from 1802 to 1945. Founded by Nguyễn Phúc Ánh, who later became Emperor Gia Long, the dynasty unified Vietnam after centuries of division. The Nguyễn emperors focused on centralizing power and modernizing the country, but they faced challenges from foreign powers and internal strife. During its rule, the Nguyễn dynasty saw significant cultural developments, including the promotion of Confucianism and the establishment of a formal education system. However, the dynasty struggled with colonial pressures, particularly from the French, leading to its eventual decline and the abdication of the last emperor, Bảo Đại, in 1945.