Nabucodonosor II, also known as Nebuchadnezzar II, was a prominent king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire who reigned from 605 to 562 BCE. He is best known for his military conquests, including the capture of Jerusalem in 586 BCE, which led to the Babylonian Exile of the Jewish people. His reign marked a period of great prosperity and cultural development in Babylon. Under Nabucodonosor II, the city of Babylon flourished, featuring impressive architectural projects such as the famous Hanging Gardens, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. He also made significant contributions to the fields of astronomy and mathematics, solidifying his legacy as one of the most influential rulers of ancient Mesopotamia.