The Neo-Babylonian Empire emerged in the 7th century BCE, following the decline of the Assyrian Empire. It reached its peak under the rule of King Nebuchadnezzar II, who is known for his military conquests and extensive building projects, including the famous Hanging Gardens of Babylon. The empire was characterized by its advancements in astronomy, mathematics, and architecture. The empire's capital, Babylon, became a cultural and economic center in the ancient world. The Neo-Babylonian Empire lasted until 539 BCE when it fell to the Persian Empire led by Cyrus the Great. This marked the end of Babylonian independence and the beginning of Persian dominance in the region.