Molecular markers are specific sequences of DNA or RNA that can be used to identify genetic variations within organisms. They serve as indicators for traits or diseases and are essential in fields like genetics, breeding, and forensics. By analyzing these markers, scientists can track inheritance patterns and assess genetic diversity. These markers can be categorized into different types, such as microsatellites, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). Each type has unique properties that make it suitable for various applications, including plant breeding, population studies, and medical diagnostics.