Mesopotamian Civilization, often referred to as the cradle of civilization, emerged between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in present-day Iraq. This region saw the rise of early city-states like Ur and Babylon, where innovations in writing, law, and agriculture flourished. The Sumerians, one of the earliest cultures in Mesopotamia, developed cuneiform writing and established complex societies. They made significant contributions to mathematics and astronomy, laying the groundwork for future civilizations. The legacy of Mesopotamian Civilization continues to influence modern society in various fields.