The Mayan city-states were independent, self-governing regions that flourished in Mesoamerica from around 250 to 900 AD. Each city-state had its own ruler, government, and social structure, often centered around a large ceremonial center with temples and plazas. Major city-states included Tikal, Palenque, and Copán, which were known for their impressive architecture and cultural achievements. These city-states engaged in trade, warfare, and alliances with one another, influencing their development and power dynamics. The Maya civilization is renowned for its advancements in mathematics, astronomy, and writing, which were integral to the functioning of these city-states and their societies.