Civilization refers to a complex human society characterized by the development of cities, social hierarchies, and cultural practices. It typically includes advancements in areas such as agriculture, trade, governance, and technology. Early examples of civilizations include the Sumerians in Mesopotamia and the Ancient Egyptians along the Nile River. Civilizations often have distinct languages, religions, and art forms that reflect their values and beliefs. They also establish systems of law and education to maintain order and promote knowledge. Over time, civilizations can rise and fall, influenced by factors like warfare, environmental changes, and economic shifts.