Mantle dynamics refers to the movement and behavior of the Earth's mantle, the thick layer of rock located between the crust and the outer core. This movement is driven by heat from the Earth's interior, causing convection currents that transport material and influence tectonic plate movements. These processes play a crucial role in shaping the Earth's surface and can lead to geological phenomena such as earthquakes and volcanic activity. The study of mantle dynamics involves understanding how temperature, pressure, and composition affect the flow of mantle materials. Researchers use various methods, including computer simulations and seismic data, to investigate these processes. Insights gained from mantle dynamics contribute to our knowledge of plate tectonics and the formation of geological features like mountain ranges and ocean basins.