Lithology is the study of the physical and chemical characteristics of rocks. It focuses on the composition, texture, and structure of rock materials, helping geologists classify and understand different types of rocks. Common lithological categories include igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks, each formed through distinct geological processes. Lithology plays a crucial role in various fields, including petroleum geology, hydrogeology, and environmental geology. By analyzing rock types and their properties, scientists can assess natural resources, understand geological history, and evaluate environmental impacts. This knowledge is essential for effective land use and resource management.