King Alfonso XII of Spain was born on November 28, 1857, and became king in 1874 after a period of political instability. His reign marked the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy following the First Spanish Republic. Alfonso XII worked to modernize Spain and improve its economy, focusing on infrastructure and education. During his rule, Alfonso XII faced challenges such as regional tensions and colonial conflicts, including the Spanish-American War. He was known for his efforts to promote national unity and stability. His reign ended with his death on November 28, 1885, after which his son, Alfonso XIII, ascended to the throne.