Jun N-terminal Kinases (JNKs) are a group of enzymes that play a crucial role in cellular signaling pathways. They are part of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family and are activated in response to various stress signals, such as UV radiation, cytokines, and oxidative stress. JNKs are involved in regulating important cellular processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. These kinases specifically phosphorylate the c-Jun protein, which is a component of the AP-1 transcription factor complex. By modifying c-Jun, JNKs influence gene expression and help cells adapt to stress. Dysregulation of JNK activity has been linked to various diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders.