The Japanese Feudal Period, lasting from the late 12th century to the mid-19th century, was characterized by a hierarchical system of land ownership and military service. During this time, powerful daimyōs (feudal lords) controlled large estates and employed samurai (warrior class) to protect their interests. The shogunate, a military government led by a shōgun, held significant power, often overshadowing the emperor. This period saw the rise of distinct cultural practices, including the development of Zen Buddhism and the art of tea ceremonies. The feudal system began to decline in the late 19th century, leading to the restoration of imperial power during the Meiji Restoration.