Islamic civilization refers to the cultural, scientific, and artistic achievements that emerged in the Muslim world from the 7th century onward. It encompasses a vast region, including parts of the Middle East, North Africa, and later, South Asia and Europe. Key contributions include advancements in mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and architecture, with notable figures like Ibn Sina and Al-Khwarizmi. The civilization is characterized by its rich traditions in literature, philosophy, and the arts, often influenced by earlier cultures such as Greek and Persian. The spread of Islam played a crucial role in unifying diverse peoples and fostering a shared cultural identity, leading to a flourishing of knowledge and creativity.