The history of Ukraine dates back to ancient times, with early settlements established by the Scythians and Sarmatians. In the 9th century, the region became part of the Kievan Rus, a powerful state that laid the foundation for Ukrainian culture and identity. Over the centuries, Ukraine faced invasions and control by various powers, including the Mongols, Poles, and Russians. In the 20th century, Ukraine experienced significant turmoil, including the impact of World War I, the Russian Revolution, and the devastating Holodomor famine in the 1930s. After gaining independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, Ukraine has worked to establish its sovereignty and navigate complex political and economic challenges.