The history of Greece dates back to ancient times, with the emergence of the Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations around 3000-1100 BCE. These early cultures laid the foundation for the classical period, which saw the rise of city-states like Athens and Sparta. This era is known for its advancements in philosophy, art, and democracy, with notable figures such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. Following the classical period, Greece experienced conquests by Macedonia under Alexander the Great and later became part of the Roman Empire. After centuries of foreign rule, Greece gained independence in the 19th century, leading to the establishment of the modern Greek state. Today, Greece is known for its rich cultural heritage and historical significance.