Geological surveys are systematic investigations of the Earth's surface and subsurface to understand its composition, structure, and processes. These surveys help scientists and engineers gather important information about natural resources like minerals, oil, and groundwater. By studying rock formations and soil types, geological surveys can also assess natural hazards such as earthquakes and landslides, which is crucial for public safety. In many countries, geological surveys are conducted by government agencies, such as the United States Geological Survey (USGS). These organizations use various tools and techniques, including mapping, drilling, and remote sensing, to collect data. The findings from geological surveys support land use planning, environmental protection, and resource management.