Fermi-Dirac statistics describe the distribution of particles, specifically fermions, which are particles that follow the Pauli exclusion principle. This principle states that no two identical fermions can occupy the same quantum state simultaneously. Examples of fermions include electrons, protons, and neutrons, which are fundamental components of matter. The Fermi-Dirac distribution function provides a mathematical framework to predict how these particles are distributed among energy levels at a given temperature. This concept is crucial in understanding the behavior of electrons in solids, particularly in semiconductors and metals, and plays a significant role in quantum mechanics and statistical mechanics.