European colonialism refers to the period when European powers expanded their territories by establishing control over various regions around the world, particularly from the 15th to the 20th centuries. Countries like Britain, France, Spain, and Portugal sought new resources, trade routes, and land, leading to the establishment of colonies in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. This expansion often involved the exploitation of local populations and resources, resulting in significant cultural, economic, and political changes. Colonialism led to the spread of European culture and languages, but it also caused conflicts, displacement, and lasting impacts on indigenous societies and their environments.