The Ethiopian Empire, also known as the Abyssinian Empire, was a powerful state in East Africa that existed from the 1st century AD until the late 19th century. It was known for its rich culture, unique Christian heritage, and impressive architecture, including the famous rock-hewn churches of Lalibela. The empire played a significant role in trade, connecting Africa with the Middle East and Europe. At its height, the Ethiopian Empire encompassed a vast territory, including parts of modern-day Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Sudan. The empire was ruled by a series of monarchs, the most notable being Emperor Menelik II, who successfully defended against Italian colonization at the Battle of Adwa in 1896.