Emperor Menelik II was the ruler of Ethiopia from 1889 until his death in 1913. He is best known for his role in modernizing the country and successfully defending it against Italian colonization during the Battle of Adwa in 1896. This victory secured Ethiopia's sovereignty and made it one of the few African nations to remain independent during the European scramble for Africa. Menelik II implemented various reforms, including improvements in infrastructure, education, and healthcare. He expanded the territory of Ethiopia and established diplomatic relations with several countries, enhancing Ethiopia's international standing. His reign is often regarded as a significant period in Ethiopian history.