Egyptian history spans thousands of years, beginning around 3100 BCE with the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt by the first pharaoh, Narmer. This ancient civilization is known for its remarkable achievements in architecture, writing, and art, exemplified by the construction of the Pyramids and the development of hieroglyphics. The history of Egypt is often divided into several periods, including the Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and New Kingdom. During these times, powerful dynasties ruled, and significant advancements were made in science, mathematics, and religion, with gods like Ra and Osiris playing central roles in society.