Ecuador's history began with ancient civilizations, such as the Caras and Cañari, who thrived before the arrival of the Inca Empire in the 15th century. The Incas expanded their territory, integrating local cultures and establishing Quito as an important city. Spanish colonization began in the 16th century, leading to significant cultural and demographic changes. In the early 19th century, Ecuador fought for independence from Spain, achieving it in 1822. It then became part of the Gran Colombia until 1830, when it became a separate republic. Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, Ecuador experienced political instability, economic challenges, and social movements, shaping its modern identity.