Early Modern England refers to the period from the late 15th century to the late 18th century, marked by significant social, political, and cultural changes. This era began with the Tudor dynasty, which included notable monarchs like Henry VIII and Elizabeth I. The period saw the rise of the English Reformation, the establishment of the Church of England, and the expansion of trade and exploration. The Stuart dynasty followed, leading to events such as the English Civil War and the eventual establishment of the Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell. This time also witnessed the flourishing of literature and arts, with figures like William Shakespeare and John Milton making lasting contributions to English culture.