Early Islamic history began in the 7th century CE with the life of the Prophet Muhammad, who is considered the final prophet in Islam. Born in Mecca, he received revelations from Allah that formed the basis of the Qur'an. After facing opposition, he and his followers migrated to Medina in 622 CE, an event known as the Hijra, marking the start of the Islamic calendar. Following Muhammad's death in 632 CE, the Caliphate was established, leading to rapid expansion across the Middle East, North Africa, and parts of Europe. The first four caliphs, known as the Rightly Guided Caliphs, played crucial roles in consolidating and spreading Islam.