Duke Charles II, also known as Charles II of England, was born on May 29, 1630. He was the son of King Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France. After his father's execution in 1649, Charles II spent years in exile, primarily in France and the Netherlands, before returning to England in 1660 to reclaim the throne during the Restoration period. As king, Charles II was known for his charm and wit, earning him the nickname "The Merry Monarch." His reign saw the flourishing of arts and sciences, including the establishment of the Royal Society. He ruled until his death on February 6, 1685, leaving a significant legacy in British history.